Failed supernovae as a natural explanation for the binary black hole mass distribution

Context. As the number of detected gravitational wave sources increases, better we can understand mass distribution binary black holes (BBHs). This “stellar graveyard” shows several features, including an apparent gap that makes bimodal. In turn, observed chirp appears to be trimodal. Aims. We aim investigate extent which explain based on stellar evolution, specifically with hypothesis is caused by difference between successful and failed supernovae (SNe). Methods. posed a hypothetical remnant function, literature evolution simulations, relates initial mass, while “black hole island” producing bimodal distribution. Moreover, looked at type II SN rates in attempt detect effect SNe. Finally, using simplified estimation determined resulting from our function compared it observations. Results. find SNe lower approximately 25%, but inferred rate surveys not accurate enough confirm this. Furthermore, produces matches general shape distributions individual as well masses. Conclusions. Based research, conclude mechanism presence island are natural for explaining BBH However, obtain firmer conclusion, more detailed simulations needed.